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GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) is a chronic condition in which stomach contents go up into the esophagus, causing the condition called acid reflux. This abnormal acid reflux could irritate the lining of the esophagus, causing a burning feeling in your chest commonly known as heartburn.
In normal circumstances, a circular band of muscle at the low end of the esophagus (called lower esophageal sphincter) relaxes and opens when you swallow so that food can enter the stomach. It also acts as a valve to prevent stomach contents from rising up into the esophagus from the stomach.
Occasional acid reflux, which is quite common, is often related to eating habits, for instance, lying down right after a meal. However, if you have recurrent acid reflux (e.g. occurs more than twice a week), it is usually defined as GERD which can be caused by other reasons and lead to serious complications.
Acid reflux happens when the lower esophageal sphincter does not work properly due to muscle weakness or relaxation. Heartburn is therefore caused when persistent regurgitation of acid irritates the lining of your esophagus.
The major symptom of GERD is heartburn, though other signs and symptoms can also develop:
Typical signs and symptoms of GERD:
Atypical signs and symptoms of GERD:
Sometimes, heartburn (or chest pain) might be confused with the symptoms of a heart attack. If you experience symptoms like shortness of breath, irregular heartbeat, or pain that spreads to the shoulders, neck or arms, you should seek medical help immediately.
Acid reflux is common, but when the condition is chronic, it can be diagnosed as GERD which can lead to serious complications if untreated. The followings are some contributing factors to acid reflux or GERD:
GERD itself is not serious or life-threatening. However, chronic GERD can occasionally lead to serious complications if left untreated, including:
Diagnosis of GERD is primarily based on a physical examination and acid reflux symptoms. To confirm a diagnosis or check for GERD’s complications, available tests include:
Most of the time, GERD can be well-managed by lifestyle modifications and over-the-counter medications. Seldomly, surgical procedures are needed for severe cases of GERD.
All GERD medications are recommended to accompany lifestyle modifications. Although some of the drugs can be purchased over-the-counter, please consult your doctor or pharmacist before taking any medicines for treating GERD. Medications for GERD treatment include:
Most GERD cases do not require surgery. However, if lifestyle modification and medications are not effective, or you have developed serious complications of GERD, your doctor might suggest a surgery that includes:
To prevent and relieve the signs and symptoms of GERD, lifestyle modification and medications are typically good enough. Here are some tips of home remedies for acid reflux or GERD:
Yes, GERD is curable. Most of the time, GERD can be well-managed by lifestyle modifications and over-the-counter medications. Seldomly, surgical procedures are needed for severe cases.
Over-the-counter antacids provide quick but mild relief for GERD symptoms. If your symptoms are moderate to severe and persistent, you may require H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Other approaches include prokinetic agents and surgery.
GERD itself is not serious or life-threatening. However, chronic GERD can occasionally lead to some complications, such as esophagitis, esophageal ulcer, esophageal stricture, and Barrett’s esophagus.
Avoid foods that can trigger and worsen the symptoms of GERD, such as chocolate, coffee, peppermint, spicy foods, onions, garlic, tomato products, citrus juices, and alcohol. Besides, avoid large or fatty meals to prevent GERD.
This article was medically reviewed by Dr. Ernest Han Fai Li. Dr. Li is a specialist in gastroenterology and hepatology practicing at the Central Gastroenterology & Hepatology Center currently. Dr. Li served in the public hospital for 12 years after his graduation from the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 2004. At the same time, Dr. Li is a medical consultant to the Hong Kong Fire Service Officers Association, a medical advisor to the Board of Chung Shak-Hei (Cheung Chau) Home for the Aged and the chairperson of the District 303 Lions Club Organ Donation Committee.
This article was independently written by Healthy Matters. It is informative only and not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. It should not be relied upon for specific medical advice.
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